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使用FFmpeg库实现从USB摄像头获取流并通过RTMP推流，FFmpeg版本为4.4.2-0。RTMP服务器使用的是SRS，拉流端使用VLC。

在Linux上查看摄像头信息可使用 v4l2-ctl 工具，查看命令如下：

v4l2-ctl --device=/dev/video0 --list-formats-ext

代码如下：

#include <libavdevice/avdevice.h>
#include <libswscale/swscale.h>
#include <libavutil/imgutils.h>int main(void)
{const char *input_format_name = "video4linux2";           // 输入格式名称，Linux下为video4linux2或v4l2const char *device_name = "/dev/video0";                  // 摄像头设备名称const char *camera_resolution = "640x480";                // 摄像头分辨率enum AVPixelFormat camera_pix_fmt = AV_PIX_FMT_YUYV422;   // 摄像头像素格式const char *url = "rtmp://192.168.3.230/live/livestream"; // rtmp地址int frame_rate = 25;                                      // 帧率int ret = -1, retVal = -1;int video_streamid = -1;int64_t frame_index = 0;AVDictionary *options = NULL;AVInputFormat *fmt = NULL;AVFormatContext *in_context = NULL, *out_context = NULL;struct SwsContext *sws_ctx = NULL;AVCodecContext *codec_context = NULL;AVStream *out_stream = NULL;AVCodec *codec = NULL;AVPacket *packet = NULL;// 注册所有设备avdevice_register_all();// 查找输入格式fmt = av_find_input_format(input_format_name);if (!fmt){fprintf(stderr, "av_find_input_format error");return -1;}// 设置分辨率av_dict_set(&options, "video_size", camera_resolution, 0);// 打开输入流并初始化格式上下文retVal = avformat_open_input(&in_context, device_name, fmt, &options);if (retVal != 0){// 打印错误信息fprintf(stderr, "avformat_open_input error");return -1;}// 查找视频流索引video_streamid = av_find_best_stream(in_context, AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO, -1, -1, NULL, 0);if (video_streamid < 0){fprintf(stderr, "cannot find video stream");goto end;}AVStream *video_stream = in_context->streams[video_streamid];printf("input stream, width: %d, height: %d, format: %s\n",video_stream->codecpar->width, video_stream->codecpar->height,av_get_pix_fmt_name((enum AVPixelFormat)video_stream->codecpar->format));// 检查实际获取到的格式是否为设置的摄像头像素格式if (video_stream->codecpar->format != camera_pix_fmt){fprintf(stderr, "pixel format error");goto end;}// 初始化转换上下文sws_ctx = sws_getContext(video_stream->codecpar->width, video_stream->codecpar->height, camera_pix_fmt,video_stream->codecpar->width, video_stream->codecpar->height, AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P,SWS_BILINEAR, NULL, NULL, NULL);if (!sws_ctx){fprintf(stderr, "sws_getContext error\n");goto end;}// 创建帧AVFrame *input_frame = av_frame_alloc();AVFrame *frame_yuv420p = av_frame_alloc();if (!input_frame || !frame_yuv420p){fprintf(stderr, "av_frame_alloc error\n");goto end;}// 设置帧格式input_frame->format = camera_pix_fmt;input_frame->width = video_stream->codecpar->width;input_frame->height = video_stream->codecpar->height;frame_yuv420p->format = AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P;frame_yuv420p->width = video_stream->codecpar->width;frame_yuv420p->height = video_stream->codecpar->height;// 分配帧内存retVal = av_frame_get_buffer(frame_yuv420p, 0);if (retVal < 0){fprintf(stderr, "av_frame_get_buffer error\n");goto end;}// 分配输出格式上下文avformat_alloc_output_context2(&out_context, NULL, "flv", NULL);if (!out_context){fprintf(stderr, "avformat_alloc_output_context2 failed\n");goto end;}// 查找编码器codec = avcodec_find_encoder(AV_CODEC_ID_H264);if (!codec){fprintf(stderr, "Codec not found\n");goto end;}printf("codec name: %s\n", codec->name);// 创建新的视频流out_stream = avformat_new_stream(out_context, NULL);if (!out_stream){fprintf(stderr, "avformat_new_stream failed\n");goto end;}// 分配编码器上下文codec_context = avcodec_alloc_context3(codec);if (!codec_context){fprintf(stderr, "avcodec_alloc_context3 failed\n");goto end;}// 设置编码器参数codec_context->codec_id = AV_CODEC_ID_H264;codec_context->codec_type = AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO;codec_context->pix_fmt = AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P;codec_context->width = frame_yuv420p->width;codec_context->height = frame_yuv420p->height;codec_context->time_base = (AVRational){1, frame_rate};         // 设置时间基codec_context->framerate = (AVRational){frame_rate, 1};         // 设置帧率codec_context->bit_rate = 750 * 1000;                           // 设置比特率codec_context->gop_size = frame_rate;                           // 设置GOP大小codec_context->max_b_frames = 0;                                // 设置最大B帧数，不需要B帧时设置为0av_opt_set(codec_context->priv_data, "profile", "baseline", 0); // 设置h264画质级别av_opt_set(codec_context->priv_data, "tune", "zerolatency", 0); // 设置h264编码优化参数// 检测输出上下文的封装格式，判断是否设置 AV_CODEC_FLAG_GLOBAL_HEADER// AV_CODEC_FLAG_GLOBAL_HEADER：由原来编码时在每个关键帧前加入pps和sps，改变为在extradate这个字节区加入pps和spsif (out_context->oformat->flags & AVFMT_GLOBALHEADER){printf("set AV_CODEC_FLAG_GLOBAL_HEADER\n");codec_context->flags |= AV_CODEC_FLAG_GLOBAL_HEADER;}// 打开编码器if (avcodec_open2(codec_context, codec, NULL) < 0){fprintf(stderr, "avcodec_open2 failed\n");goto end;}// 将编码器参数复制到流int result = avcodec_parameters_from_context(out_stream->codecpar, codec_context);if (result < 0){fprintf(stderr, "avcodec_parameters_from_context failed\n");goto end;}// 打开urlif (!(out_context->oformat->flags & AVFMT_NOFILE)){result = avio_open(&out_context->pb, url, AVIO_FLAG_WRITE);if (result < 0){fprintf(stderr, "avio_open error (errmsg '%s')\n", av_err2str(result));goto end;}}// 写文件头result = avformat_write_header(out_context, NULL);if (result < 0){fprintf(stderr, "avformat_write_header failed\n");goto end;}packet = av_packet_alloc();if (!packet){fprintf(stderr, "av_packet_alloc failed\n");goto end;}// 读取帧并进行转换AVPacket pkt;while (av_read_frame(in_context, &pkt) >= 0){if (pkt.stream_index == video_streamid){// 把读取的帧数据(AVPacket)拷贝到输入帧(AVFrame)中retVal = av_image_fill_arrays(input_frame->data, input_frame->linesize, pkt.data, camera_pix_fmt,video_stream->codecpar->width, video_stream->codecpar->height, 1);if (retVal < 0){av_packet_unref(&pkt);fprintf(stderr, "av_image_fill_arrays error\n");break;}// 转换为 YUV420Psws_scale(sws_ctx, (const uint8_t *const *)input_frame->data, input_frame->linesize, 0,input_frame->height, frame_yuv420p->data, frame_yuv420p->linesize);frame_yuv420p->pts = frame_index;frame_index++;// 发送帧到编码器result = avcodec_send_frame(codec_context, frame_yuv420p);if (result < 0){fprintf(stderr, "avcodec_send_frame error (errmsg '%s')\n", av_err2str(result));break;}// 接收编码后的数据包while (result >= 0){result = avcodec_receive_packet(codec_context, packet);if (result == AVERROR(EAGAIN) || result == AVERROR_EOF){break;}else if (result < 0){fprintf(stderr, "avcodec_receive_packet error (errmsg '%s')\n", av_err2str(result));goto end;}packet->stream_index = out_stream->index;// 将时间戳从编码器时间基转换到流时间基av_packet_rescale_ts(packet, codec_context->time_base, out_stream->time_base);packet->pos = -1;// 推送到RTMP服务器result = av_interleaved_write_frame(out_context, packet);if (result < 0){fprintf(stderr, "av_interleaved_write_frame error (errmsg '%d')\n", result);av_packet_unref(packet);goto end;}av_packet_unref(packet);}}av_packet_unref(&pkt);}end:// 释放资源if (input_frame)av_frame_free(&input_frame);if (frame_yuv420p)av_frame_free(&frame_yuv420p);if (sws_ctx)sws_freeContext(sws_ctx);if (in_context)avformat_close_input(&in_context);if (packet)av_packet_free(&packet);if (codec_context)avcodec_free_context(&codec_context);if (out_context)avformat_free_context(out_context);return ret;
}