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RPC

1.定义

远程过程调用(remote procedure call)

2.概念

广义:所有通过网络进行通讯,的调用统称为RPC调用

狭义:不采用http协议的方式,采用自定义格式的二进制方式

3.优缺点

• 优点
  • 效率高
  • 发起rpc调用的一方,可以忽略RPC的具体实现,如同编写本地函数调用
• 缺点
  • 通用性不高

4.RPC结构

• client(caller):调用者
• client stub(bundle args/unbundle ret vals):客户端存根
• client network service
• server network service
• server stub(bundle ret vals/unbundle args)

5.RPC消息协议

5.1 消息边界

• 分隔符(\r\n)
• 长度声明法(例如HTTP中 Content-Length)

5.2 内容

• 二进制
• 文本内容

5.3 压缩

• 压缩处理是一把双刃剑,减少数据量减轻带宽压力同时,额外增加了压缩和解压缩的时间

6.RPC的实现

6.1 divide_protocol.py

import struct
from io import BytesIOclass InvalidOperation(Exception):...class DivideProtocol(object):"""float divide(1:int num1, 2:int num2=1)"""def _read_all(self, size):"""读取指定长度的字节:param size: 长度:return: 读取出的二进制数据"""if isinstance(self.conn, BytesIO):# BytesIO类型，用于演示buff = b''have = 0while have < size:chunk = self.conn.read(size - have)have += len(chunk)buff += chunkreturn buffelse:# socket类型buff = b''have = 0while have < size:chunk = self.conn.recv(size - have)have += len(chunk)buff += chunk# 客户端关闭了连接if len(chunk) == 0:raise EOFError()return buffdef args_encode(self, num1, num2=1):"""对调用参数进行编码:param num1: int:param num2: int:return: 编码后的二进制数据"""# 处理参数num1, 4字节整型buff = struct.pack('!B', 1)buff += struct.pack('!i', num1)# 处理参数num2, 4字节整型，如为默认值1，则不再放到消息中if num2 != 1:buff += struct.pack('!B', 2)buff += struct.pack('!i', num2)# 处理消息总长度，4字节无符号整型length = len(buff)# 处理方法名，字符串类型name = 'divide'# 字符串长度，4字节无符号整型msg = struct.pack('!I', len(name))msg += name.encode()msg += struct.pack('!I', length) + buffreturn msgdef args_decode(self, connection):"""获取调用参数并进行解码:param connection: 传输工具对象，如socket对象或者BytesIO对象，从中可以读取消息数据:return: 解码后的参数字典"""# 保存到当前对象中，供_read_all方式使用self.conn = connectionparam_name_map = {1: 'num1',2: 'num2'}param_len_map = {1: 4,2: 4}# 用于保存解码后的参数字典args = dict()# 读取消息总长度，4字无节符号整数buff = self._read_all(4)length = struct.unpack('!I', buff)[0]# 记录已读取的长度have = 0# 读取第一个参数，4字节整型buff = self._read_all(1)have += 1param_seq = struct.unpack('!B', buff)[0]param_len = param_len_map[param_seq]buff = self._read_all(param_len)have += param_lenargs[param_name_map[param_seq]] = struct.unpack('!i', buff)[0]if have >= length:return args# 读取第二个参数，4字节整型buff = self._read_all(1)have += 1param_seq = struct.unpack('!B', buff)[0]param_len = param_len_map[param_seq]buff = self._read_all(param_len)have += param_lenargs[param_name_map[param_seq]] = struct.unpack('!i', buff)[0]return argsdef result_encode(self, result):"""对调用的结果进行编码:param result: float 或 InvalidOperation对象:return: 编码后的二进制数据"""if isinstance(result, float):# 没有异常，正常执行# 处理结果类型，1字节无符号整数buff = struct.pack('!B', 1)# 处理结果值, 4字节floatbuff += struct.pack('!f', result)else:# 发生了InvalidOperation异常# 处理结果类型，1字节无符号整数buff = struct.pack('!B', 2)# 处理异常结果值, 字符串# 处理字符串长度, 4字节无符号整数buff += struct.pack('!I', len(result.message))# 处理字符串内容buff += result.message.encode()return buffdef result_decode(self, connection):"""对调用结果进行解码:param connection: 传输工具对象，如socket对象或者BytesIO对象，从中可以读取消息数据:return: 结果数据"""self.conn = connection# 取出结果类型, 1字节无符号整数buff = self._read_all(1)result_type = struct.unpack('!B', buff)[0]if result_type == 1:# float的结果值， 4字节floatbuff = self._read_all(4)result = struct.unpack('!f', buff)[0]return resultelse:# InvalidOperation对象# 取出字符串长度, 4字节无符号整数buff = self._read_all(4)str_len = struct.unpack('!I', buff)[0]buff = self._read_all(str_len)message = buff.decode()return InvalidOperation(message)class MethodProtocol(object):def __init__(self, connection):self.conn = connectiondef _read_all(self, size):"""读取指定长度的字节:param size: 长度:return: 读取出的二进制数据"""if isinstance(self.conn, BytesIO):# BytesIO类型，用于演示buff = b''have = 0while have < size:chunk = self.conn.read(size - have)have += len(chunk)buff += chunkreturn buffelse:# socket类型buff = b''have = 0while have < size:print('have=%d size=%d' % (have, size))chunk = self.conn.recv(size - have)have += len(chunk)buff += chunkif len(chunk) == 0:raise EOFError()return buffdef get_method_name(self):# 获取方法名# 读取字符串长度，4字节无符号整型buff = self._read_all(4)str_len = struct.unpack('!I', buff)[0]# 读取字符串buff = self._read_all(str_len)name = buff.decode()return name

6.2 server.py

import socket
import threadingfrom customize_rpc.divide_protocol import DivideProtocol, MethodProtocol, InvalidOperationclass Handlers:@staticmethoddef divide(num1, num2=1):"""除法:param num1::param num2::return:"""if num2 == 0:raise InvalidOperation()val = num1 / num2return valclass ServerStub(object):def __init__(self, connection, handlers):"""服务器存根:param connection: 与客户端的socket连接:param handlers: 存放被调用的方法"""self._process_map = {'divide': self._process_divide,}self.conn = connectionself.method_proto = MethodProtocol(self.conn)self.handlers = handlersdef process(self):"""被服务器调用的入口，服务器收到请求后调用该方法"""# 获取解析调用请求的方法名name = self.method_proto.get_method_name()# 调用对应的处理方法self._process_map[name]()def _process_divide(self):"""执行divide本地调用，并将结果返回给客户端"""# 接收调用参数proto = DivideProtocol()args = proto.args_decode(self.conn)# 进行本地divide调用try:result = self.handlers.divide(**args)except InvalidOperation as e:result = e# 构造返回值消息并返回result = proto.result_encode(result)self.conn.sendall(result)class Server(object):def __init__(self, host, port, handlers):self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)self.host = hostself.port = portself.sock.bind((host, port))self.handlers = handlersdef serve(self):"""开始服务"""self.sock.listen(128)print("开始监听")while True:conn, addr = self.sock.accept()print("建立链接%s" % str(addr))stub = ServerStub(conn, self.handlers)try:while True:stub.process()except EOFError:print("客户端关闭连接")# 关闭服务端连接conn.close()class ThreadServer(object):def __init__(self, host, port, handlers):self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)self.host = hostself.port = portself.sock.bind((host, port))self.handlers = handlersdef serve(self):"""开始服务"""self.sock.listen(128)print("开始监听")while True:conn, addr = self.sock.accept()print("建立链接%s" % str(addr))t = threading.Thread(target=self.handle, args=(conn,))t.start()def handle(self, client):stub = ServerStub(client, self.handlers)try:while True:stub.process()except EOFError:print("客户端关闭连接")client.close()if __name__ == '__main__':server = Server('127.0.0.1', 8000, Handlers)server.serve()    

6.3 client.py

import time
import socketfrom customize_rpc.divide_protocol import DivideProtocol, InvalidOperationclass Channel(object):"""连接通道"""def __init__(self, host, port):self.host = hostself.port = portdef get_connection(self):"""获取一个tcp连接"""sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)sock.connect((self.host, self.port))return sockclass ClientStub(object):"""客户端存根"""def __init__(self, channel: Channel):self.channel = channelself.conn = self.channel.get_connection()def divide(self, num1, num2=1):# 构造proto = DivideProtocol()args = proto.args_encode(num1, num2)self.conn.sendall(args)result = proto.result_decode(self.conn)if isinstance(result, InvalidOperation):raise resultelse:return resultif __name__ == '__main__':channel = Channel('127.0.0.1', 8000)stub = ClientStub(channel)for i in range(5):try:val = stub.divide(i * 100, 10)except InvalidOperation as e:print(e.message)else:print(val)time.sleep(1)